Ammonia Removal Using Emulsion Liquid Membrane Research

Explore a novel study on ammonia removal using palm-oil based Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) and synergistic carrier optimization for wastewater treatment.

#ammonia-removal#chemical-engineering#wastewater-treatment#emulsion-liquid-membrane#green-technology#palm-oil#carrier-optimization

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND
ENERGY ENGINEERING

FINAL YEAR PROJECT I | SEMESTER 2 2025/2026

AMMONIA REMOVAL USING
EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANE

MUHAMAD FAHMI RIYONO

Bachelor of Chemical Engineering

Supervised by: Dr. Shuhada Atika Binti Idrus Saidi

June 2026

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02

OUTLINE

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

1

Introduction & Problem Background

2

Problem Statement

3

Research Objectives & Scope

4

Literature Review

5

ELM Process & Mechanism

6

Methodology

7

Expected Results

8

Conclusion & Significance

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01

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM BACKGROUND

• Ammonia (NH₃) — carbon-free, hydrogen-rich chemical essential for food safety & clean energy
• Generated from: fertilizer production, petroleum refining, manufacturing & food processing
• In wastewater: exists as ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) and dissolved ammonia (NH₃) — pH-dependent
• Excessive discharge causes: eutrophication, oxygen depletion, aquatic toxicity

WHY IS THIS A CONCERN?

• Stricter environmental regulations demand efficient ammonia removal technologies
• High ammonia affects water quality and poses health risks to humans

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02

CHAPTER 1

PROBLEM STATEMENT

CONVENTIONAL METHODS & LIMITATIONS

Biological Treatment: High energy (~50% of total), long retention times
Ammonia Stripping: Scaling, foaming, corrosion issues; chemical cost
Ion Exchange: Reduced efficiency from competing cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺)

THE GAP

Most ELM studies use petroleum-based diluents (kerosene) — toxic, non-renewable
Palm oil-based ELM for ammonia removal has NOT been investigated
Synergistic carrier formulations under-explored for ammonia extraction

THE SOLUTION: ELM

Low energy (ambient temperature & pressure)
Fast extraction, high efficiency, large mass transfer area
No expensive pre-treatment, no sludge generation
Simultaneous extraction & stripping in one step

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03

CHAPTER 1

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES & SCOPE

OBJECTIVE 1

To determine the most suitable single carrier for ammonia extraction in the ELM process.

Carriers screened: D2EHPA, Cyanex 272, TOA, TBP
Concentration range: 0.1 – 0.5 M each
Fixed conditions: Span 80 surfactant, H₂SO₄ stripping agent, treat ratio, mixing speed
Measurement: UV-Vis spectrophotometry
Efficiency formula: RE(%) = (Ci – Cf)/Ci × 100

OBJECTIVE 2

To investigate the effects of synergistic carrier formulation using ELM for ammonia extraction.

Base carrier: D2EHPA (0.1 – 0.2 M)
Synergist carriers: Cyanex 272, TBP, TOA (0.01 – 0.1 M each)
Compare synergistic vs single carrier performance

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04

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

AMMONIA PROPERTIES

Molecular Weight

17.03 g/mol

Boiling Point

-33.35°C

Freezing Point

-77.7°C

Density

0.771 g/L

Color

Colorless

pKa (25°C)

9.25

NH₃(aq) + H₂O ⇌ NH₄⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)

{At HIGH pH → NH₃ (toxic free ammonia)}

{At LOW pH → NH₄⁺ (ionized, less toxic)}

AMMONIA SOURCES

•

{Agriculture: fertilizer production, ammonia volatilization (27–41% N losses)}

•

{Industry: petroleum refining, food processing, manufacturing}

•

{Agriculture accounts for ~88% of UK ammonia emissions (UK CEH, 2023)}

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

•

{Eutrophication → algal blooms → oxygen depletion}

•

{Aquatic toxicity — fish gill damage, respiratory failure}

•

{Human health risks from contaminated water}

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CHAPTER 2 — LITERATURE REVIEW

CONVENTIONAL REMOVAL METHODS

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

✓ Advantages:

•High removal efficiency

•Environmentally friendly

•Low chemical consumption

✗ Limitations:

•~50% total energy for aeration

•Long retention times

•High operational costs

AIR STRIPPING (Physical)

✓ Advantages:

•Simple operation

•Highly effective

•Wide industrial application

✗ Limitations:

•Dependent on pH & temperature

•Scaling, foaming, corrosion

•Alkaline chemical addition costs

ION EXCHANGE (Chemical)

✓ Advantages:

•High selectivity

•Enables ammonium recovery

•Simple application

✗ Limitations:

•Competing cations reduce efficiency

•Resin fouling & frequent regeneration

•High operational cost

→ All methods have significant limitations, justifying the need for ELM technology

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05

CHAPTER 2

EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANE (ELM)

WHAT IS ELM?

Water-in-Oil-in-Water (W/O/W) double emulsion system where solute (ammonia) is transported from external feed phase → through liquid membrane phase → into internal stripping phase.

EXTERNAL PHASE

Wastewater containing NH₃ (feed)

Carrier transports NH₃

MEMBRANE PHASE

Palm oil + Span 80 + Carrier (D2EHPA/synergist)

NH₃ stripped & trapped

INTERNAL PHASE

H₂SO₄ stripping agent

High interfacial area for mass transfer

Simultaneous extraction & stripping

Low energy consumption (ambient T & P)

No expensive pre-treatment

No sludge generation

High efficiency for low solute concentration

Small solvent volume required

Emulsion Note: Globules 0.1–2mm; Internal droplets 0.1–10 μm

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CHAPTER 2 — ELM PROCESS

ELM COMPONENTS

CARRIER

Role: Facilitates NH₃ transport across the membrane phase

•

D2EHPA — Acidic organophosphate; base carrier (0.1–0.5 M)

•

Cyanex 272 — Phosphinic acid; selective extraction

•

TOA (Trioctylamine) — Tertiary amine; used in vegetable oil ELMs

•

TBP (Tri-n-butyl phosphate) — Organophosphate; strong extraction

DILUENT — PALM OIL (Green Alternative)

Conventional: kerosene, hexane (volatile, toxic, flammable, non-renewable)
Palm oil advantages: biodegradable, low toxicity, low volatility, renewable
Previous study: palm oil ELM achieved ~99% extraction efficiency (Björkegren et al., 2015)

✓

Novel application for ammonia removal

STRIPPING AGENT — H₂SO₄

Strong mineral acid in the internal phase
Reacts with NH₃ → traps ammonium sulfate
Concentration range: 0.1 – 0.2 M
Optimum: 0.18 M → 98% efficiency
(Şişmek & Altaş, 2022)
Also used: Span 80 as surfactant to stabilize emulsion

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06

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Materials & Chemicals

Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl)

External feed phase (100–700 mg/L)

Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)

Internal phase / stripping agent (0.1–0.2 M)

Span 80

Surfactant to stabilize emulsion

Palm oil

Green diluent (membrane phase)

NaOH (1 M)

pH adjustment to 10–12

Deionized water

Solvent for all aqueous solutions

Carriers:

D2EHPA, Cyanex 272, TOA, TBP

Procedure Overview

1

Prepare solutions (external feed, internal, membrane phases)

2

W/O Preparation: Mix membrane phase + internal phase using high-speed homogenizer (5,000–20,000 rpm, 1–3 min)

3

W/O/W Preparation: Disperse W/O emulsion into external phase (treat ratio 0.08–0.16), stir at 250 rpm

4

Separation: Allow 15–30 min settling in separating funnel

5

Analysis: Measure NH₃ by UV-Vis spectrophotometry

REMOVAL EFFICIENCY FORMULA

RE (%) = (C_i – C_f) / C_i × 100

Where:

C_i = Initial concentration

C_f = Final concentration

KEY PARAMETERS

Homogenizer speed: 5,000–20,000 rpm

Agitation: 250 rpm

Sample intervals: every 15 seconds

pH of external phase: 10–12 (alkaline, promotes NH₃ form)

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06

CHAPTER 3 — METHODOLOGY

EXPERIMENTAL FLOWCHART

START

Preparation of Solutions

External Feed Phase
(NH₄Cl)

Internal Phase
(H₂SO₄)

Membrane Phase
(Palm oil + Span 80 + Carrier)

W/O Preparation
High Speed Homogenizer (5,000–20,000 rpm)

W/O Emulsion Formed

W/O/W Preparation
Disperse into External Phase
(250 rpm, treat ratio 0.08–0.16)

Separation Process
Settling funnel, 15–30 min

UV-Vis Spectrophotometry
Measure remaining NH₃

Calculate Removal Efficiency
RE(%) = (C_i − C_f) / C_i × 100

END

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07

CHAPTER 4

EXPECTED RESULTS

1

SINGLE CARRIER EFFECT

Different ammonia removal efficiencies expected for each carrier (D2EHPA, TOA, TBP, Cyanex)
One carrier anticipated to show superior performance due to stronger NH₃ interaction
Will identify optimal single carrier type and concentration

2

SYNERGISTIC CARRIER EFFECT

D2EHPA + synergist (Cyanex/TBP/TOA) expected to outperform single carriers
Synergism improves solubility, enhances mass transfer
Prior study: D2EHPA + Aliquat 336 → up to 90% efficiency (Othman et al., 2020)

3

EFFECT OF DILUENT (PALM OIL)

Palm oil expected to perform comparably to petroleum-based diluents
Green alternative: biodegradable, low toxicity, renewable
Prior study: palm oil ELM → ~99% extraction efficiency (Björkegren et al., 2015)
Novel contribution: first study of palm oil ELM for ammonia removal

4

EFFECT OF STRIPPING AGENT

H₂SO₄ as internal phase reagent captures NH₃ effectively via chemical reaction
Optimal concentration: ~0.18 M H₂SO₄
Expected efficiency: ~98% at optimum conditions (Şişmek & Altaş, 2022)
Higher concentration beyond optimum may reduce performance

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08

CONCLUSION

SIGNIFICANCE & CONTRIBUTION

RESEARCH SUMMARY

This study investigates Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) technology using palm oil as a green diluent and H₂SO₄ as stripping agent for efficient ammonia removal from wastewater. Synergistic carrier formulations (D2EHPA + Cyanex/TBP/TOA) are evaluated to maximise extraction efficiency.

ALIGNMENT WITH UN SDGs

SDG 6 — CLEAN WATER & SANITATION

SDG 6.3: Reduce water pollution, eliminate dumping, minimise hazardous chemicals
Provides efficient ammonia removal technology for industrial compliance

SDG 14 — LIFE BELOW WATER

Reduces ammonia discharge into aquatic ecosystems
Prevents eutrophication and protects marine life

SDG 9 — INDUSTRY INNOVATION

Advances green ELM technology with renewable diluent (palm oil)
Novel synergistic carrier approach for sustainable wastewater treatment

KEY CONTRIBUTIONS

First study of palm oil-based ELM for ammonia removal
Novel synergistic carrier formulation approach
Sustainable, low-energy alternative to conventional methods
Supports environmental regulations and water quality standards

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REF

REFERENCES

KEY REFERENCES

1. Björkegren, S. et al. (2015). A new emulsion liquid membrane based on a palm oil for the extraction of heavy metals. Membranes, 5(2), 168–179.

2. Othman, N. et al. (2020). Synergism of Aliquat336-D2EHPA as carrier on selectivity of organic compound dyes extraction via emulsion liquid membrane. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 389, 121904.

3. Şişmek, E. & Altaş, L. (2022). Ammonium removal from wastewater by ELM. [Reference for 98% efficiency at 0.18 M H₂SO₄]

4. Ye, Y. et al. (2025). Research progress on biological denitrification process in wastewater treatment. Water, 17(4), 520.

5. Prajapati, J. C. et al. (2014). Removal of Ammonia from Wastewater by Ion Exchange Technology. IJIRT, 1(9).

6. Raval, A. R. et al. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 233(379).

7. IEA. (2021). Ammonia Technology Roadmap. International Energy Agency.

8. Cameron, K. C. et al. (2013). Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: A review. Annals of Applied Biology, 162(2), 145–173.

9. Jusoh, N., Othman, N. & Rosly, M. B. (2021). Extraction and recovery of organic compounds via ELM. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering.

10. Admawi, H. K. & Mohammed, A. A. (2023). A comprehensive review of ELM for toxic contaminants removal. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 11(3).

THANK YOU

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Ammonia Removal Using Emulsion Liquid Membrane Research

Explore a novel study on ammonia removal using palm-oil based Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) and synergistic carrier optimization for wastewater treatment.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND<br>ENERGY ENGINEERING

FINAL YEAR PROJECT I | SEMESTER 2 2025/2026

AMMONIA REMOVAL USING<br>EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANE

MUHAMAD FAHMI RIYONO

Bachelor of Chemical Engineering

Supervised by: Dr. Shuhada Atika Binti Idrus Saidi

June 2026

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Introduction & Problem Background

Problem Statement

Research Objectives & Scope

Literature Review

ELM Process & Mechanism

Methodology

Expected Results

Conclusion & Significance

OUTLINE

01

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM BACKGROUND

WHY IS THIS A CONCERN?

<ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; list-style-type: none;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative;"> <span style="position: absolute; left: -30px; color: #C8922A; font-size: 32px; line-height: 28px;">•</span> <strong style="color: #611825;">Ammonia (NH₃)</strong> — carbon-free, hydrogen-rich chemical essential for food safety & clean energy </li> <li style="margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative;"> <span style="position: absolute; left: -30px; color: #C8922A; font-size: 32px; line-height: 28px;">•</span> <strong style="color: #611825;">Generated from:</strong> fertilizer production, petroleum refining, manufacturing & food processing </li> <li style="margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative;"> <span style="position: absolute; left: -30px; color: #C8922A; font-size: 32px; line-height: 28px;">•</span> <strong style="color: #611825;">In wastewater:</strong> exists as ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) and dissolved ammonia (NH₃) — <span style="font-style: italic;">pH-dependent</span> </li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0; position: relative;"> <span style="position: absolute; left: -30px; color: #C8922A; font-size: 32px; line-height: 28px;">•</span> <strong style="color: #611825;">Excessive discharge causes:</strong> eutrophication, oxygen depletion, aquatic toxicity </li> </ul>

<ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 20px; list-style-type: none;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative;"> <span style="position: absolute; left: -30px; color: #C8922A; font-size: 32px; line-height: 28px;">•</span> Stricter environmental regulations demand efficient ammonia removal technologies </li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0; position: relative;"> <span style="position: absolute; left: -30px; color: #C8922A; font-size: 32px; line-height: 28px;">•</span> High ammonia affects water quality and poses health risks to humans </li> </ul>

02

CHAPTER 1

PROBLEM STATEMENT

CONVENTIONAL METHODS & LIMITATIONS

THE GAP

THE SOLUTION: ELM

03

CHAPTER 1

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES & SCOPE

OBJECTIVE 1

To determine the most suitable single carrier for ammonia extraction in the ELM process.

<b>Carriers screened:</b> D2EHPA, Cyanex 272, TOA, TBP

<b>Concentration range:</b> 0.1 – 0.5 M each

<b>Fixed conditions:</b> Span 80 surfactant, H₂SO₄ stripping agent, treat ratio, mixing speed

<b>Measurement:</b> UV-Vis spectrophotometry

<b>Efficiency formula:</b> RE(%) = (Ci – Cf)/Ci × 100

OBJECTIVE 2

To investigate the effects of synergistic carrier formulation using ELM for ammonia extraction.

<b>Base carrier:</b> D2EHPA (0.1 – 0.2 M)

<b>Synergist carriers:</b> Cyanex 272, TBP, TOA (0.01 – 0.1 M each)

Compare synergistic vs single carrier performance

04

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

AMMONIA PROPERTIES

Molecular Weight

17.03 g/mol

Boiling Point

-33.35°C

Freezing Point

-77.7°C

Density

0.771 g/L

Color

Colorless

pKa (25°C)

9.25

NH₃(aq) + H₂O ⇌ NH₄⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)

<span style="color:#7B1C2E;font-weight:700;">At HIGH pH</span> → NH₃ (toxic free ammonia)

<span style="color:#7B1C2E;font-weight:700;">At LOW pH</span> → NH₄⁺ (ionized, less toxic)

AMMONIA SOURCES

<strong style="color:#7B1C2E;">Agriculture:</strong> fertilizer production, ammonia volatilization (27–41% N losses)

<strong style="color:#7B1C2E;">Industry:</strong> petroleum refining, food processing, manufacturing

Agriculture accounts for ~88% of UK ammonia emissions (UK CEH, 2023)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

<strong style="color:#7B1C2E;">Eutrophication</strong> → algal blooms → oxygen depletion

<strong style="color:#7B1C2E;">Aquatic toxicity</strong> — fish gill damage, respiratory failure

<strong style="color:#7B1C2E;">Human health</strong> risks from contaminated water

04

CHAPTER 2 — LITERATURE REVIEW

CONVENTIONAL REMOVAL METHODS

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

High removal efficiency

Environmentally friendly

Low chemical consumption

~50% total energy for aeration

Long retention times

High operational costs

AIR STRIPPING (Physical)

Simple operation

Highly effective

Wide industrial application

Dependent on pH & temperature

Scaling, foaming, corrosion

Alkaline chemical addition costs

ION EXCHANGE (Chemical)

High selectivity

Enables ammonium recovery

Simple application

Competing cations reduce efficiency

Resin fouling & frequent regeneration

High operational cost

→ All methods have significant limitations, justifying the need for ELM technology

05

CHAPTER 2

EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANE (ELM)

WHAT IS ELM?

Water-in-Oil-in-Water (W/O/W) double emulsion system where solute (ammonia) is transported from external feed phase → through liquid membrane phase → into internal stripping phase.

EXTERNAL PHASE

Wastewater containing NH₃ (feed)

Carrier transports NH₃

MEMBRANE PHASE

Palm oil + Span 80 + Carrier (D2EHPA/synergist)

NH₃ stripped & trapped

INTERNAL PHASE

H₂SO₄ stripping agent

High interfacial area for mass transfer

Simultaneous extraction & stripping

Low energy consumption (ambient T & P)

No expensive pre-treatment

No sludge generation

High efficiency for low solute concentration

Small solvent volume required

Globules 0.1–2mm; Internal droplets 0.1–10 μm

05

CHAPTER 2 — ELM PROCESS

ELM COMPONENTS

CARRIER

Role: Facilitates NH₃ transport across the membrane phase

DILUENT — PALM OIL

(Green Alternative)

STRIPPING AGENT — H₂SO₄

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

06

06

CHAPTER 3 — METHODOLOGY

EXPERIMENTAL FLOWCHART

START

Preparation of Solutions

External Feed Phase<br><span style="font-size: 15px; opacity: 0.9;">(NH<sub>4</sub>Cl)</span>

Internal Phase<br><span style="font-size: 15px; opacity: 0.9;">(H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)</span>

Membrane Phase<br><span style="font-size: 15px; opacity: 0.9;">(Palm oil + Span 80 + Carrier)</span>

W/O Preparation<br><span style="font-size: 15px; opacity: 0.95; font-weight: 600;">High Speed Homogenizer (5,000–20,000 rpm)</span>

W/O Emulsion Formed

W/O/W Preparation<br><span style="font-size: 15px; opacity: 0.95; font-weight: 600;">Disperse into External Phase<br>(250 rpm, treat ratio 0.08–0.16)</span>

Separation Process<br><span style="font-size: 16px; opacity: 0.95; font-weight: 600;">Settling funnel, 15–30 min</span>

UV-Vis Spectrophotometry<br><span style="font-size: 16px; opacity: 0.95; font-weight: 600;">Measure remaining NH<sub>3</sub></span>

Calculate Removal Efficiency<br><span style="font-size: 16px; opacity: 0.95; font-weight: 600;">RE(%) = (C<sub>i</sub> − C<sub>f</sub>) / C<sub>i</sub> × 100</span>

END

07

CHAPTER 4

EXPECTED RESULTS

1

SINGLE CARRIER EFFECT

Different ammonia removal efficiencies expected for each carrier (D2EHPA, TOA, TBP, Cyanex)

One carrier anticipated to show superior performance due to stronger NH₃ interaction

Will identify optimal single carrier type and concentration

2

SYNERGISTIC CARRIER EFFECT

D2EHPA + synergist (Cyanex/TBP/TOA) expected to outperform single carriers

Synergism improves solubility, enhances mass transfer

Prior study: D2EHPA + Aliquat 336 → up to 90% efficiency (Othman et al., 2020)

3

EFFECT OF DILUENT (PALM OIL)

Palm oil expected to perform comparably to petroleum-based diluents

Green alternative: biodegradable, low toxicity, renewable

Prior study: palm oil ELM → ~99% extraction efficiency (Björkegren et al., 2015)

Novel contribution: first study of palm oil ELM for ammonia removal

4

EFFECT OF STRIPPING AGENT

H₂SO₄ as internal phase reagent captures NH₃ effectively via chemical reaction

Optimal concentration: ~0.18 M H₂SO₄

Expected efficiency: ~98% at optimum conditions (Şişmek & Altaş, 2022)

Higher concentration beyond optimum may reduce performance

08

CONCLUSION

SIGNIFICANCE & CONTRIBUTION

RESEARCH SUMMARY

This study investigates Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) technology using palm oil as a green diluent and H₂SO₄ as stripping agent for efficient ammonia removal from wastewater. Synergistic carrier formulations (D2EHPA + Cyanex/TBP/TOA) are evaluated to maximise extraction efficiency.

ALIGNMENT WITH UN SDGs

SDG 6 — CLEAN WATER & SANITATION

SDG 6.3: Reduce water pollution, eliminate dumping, minimise hazardous chemicals

Provides efficient ammonia removal technology for industrial compliance

SDG 14 — LIFE BELOW WATER

Reduces ammonia discharge into aquatic ecosystems

Prevents eutrophication and protects marine life

SDG 9 — INDUSTRY INNOVATION

Advances green ELM technology with renewable diluent (palm oil)

Novel synergistic carrier approach for sustainable wastewater treatment

KEY CONTRIBUTIONS

First study of palm oil-based ELM for ammonia removal

Novel synergistic carrier formulation approach

Sustainable, low-energy alternative to conventional methods

Supports environmental regulations and water quality standards

REF

REFERENCES

KEY REFERENCES

1. Björkegren, S. et al. (2015). A new emulsion liquid membrane based on a palm oil for the extraction of heavy metals. <i>Membranes</i>, 5(2), 168–179.

2. Othman, N. et al. (2020). Synergism of Aliquat336-D2EHPA as carrier on selectivity of organic compound dyes extraction via emulsion liquid membrane. <i>Journal of Hazardous Materials</i>, 389, 121904.

3. Şişmek, E. & Altaş, L. (2022). Ammonium removal from wastewater by ELM. [Reference for 98% efficiency at 0.18 M H₂SO₄]

4. Ye, Y. et al. (2025). Research progress on biological denitrification process in wastewater treatment. <i>Water</i>, 17(4), 520.

5. Prajapati, J. C. et al. (2014). Removal of Ammonia from Wastewater by Ion Exchange Technology. <i>IJIRT</i>, 1(9).

6. Raval, A. R. et al. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane. <i>Water Air & Soil Pollution</i>, 233(379).

7. IEA. (2021). Ammonia Technology Roadmap. International Energy Agency.

8. Cameron, K. C. et al. (2013). Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: A review. <i>Annals of Applied Biology</i>, 162(2), 145–173.

9. Jusoh, N., Othman, N. & Rosly, M. B. (2021). Extraction and recovery of organic compounds via ELM. <i>Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering</i>.

10. Admawi, H. K. & Mohammed, A. A. (2023). A comprehensive review of ELM for toxic contaminants removal. <i>Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering</i>, 11(3).

THANK YOU

Questions & Discussion

ammonia-removal
chemical-engineering
wastewater-treatment
emulsion-liquid-membrane
green-technology
palm-oil
carrier-optimization