Fluid Mechanics & Thermodynamics Engineering Fundamentals

Explore core mechanical engineering concepts including fluid properties, Pascal's law, Bernoulli's equation, and the laws of thermodynamics with examples.

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MET001 — Basic Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics and
Thermodynamics Fundamentals

Basic Mechanical Engineering | MET001

Presented By:

Roll No. 38   —   Diya
Roll No. 39   —   Geeta
Roll No. 40   —   Harshit
Roll No. 42   —   Ishaan

Roll No. 43   —   Ishant
Roll No. 44   —   Jatin
Roll No. 45   —   Kamal

First Year Mechanical Engineering | 2025–26

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02

02

Fluid Properties

Presented by: Diya (Roll No. 38)

DENSITY (ρ)

Mass per unit volume | ρ = m/V | Units: kg/m³

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG)

Ratio of fluid density to water density | SG = ρ_fluid / ρ_water | Dimensionless

VISCOSITY (μ)

Resistance to flow/deformation | Dynamic & Kinematic | Units: Pa·s, m²/s

SURFACE TENSION (σ)

Cohesive force at liquid surface | Causes capillary action | Units: N/m

01 // DENSITY

02 // SPECIFIC GRAVITY

03 // VISCOSITY

04 // SURFACE TENSION

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals | First Year Mechanical Engineering

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03

03

Types of Fluids

Presented by: Geeta (Roll No. 39)

Primary Classification

IDEAL FLUID

No viscosity, incompressible, no shear stress

Example Theoretical model

REAL FLUID

Has viscosity and compressibility, follows Newton's law

Example Water, Oil

NEWTONIAN FLUID

Viscosity constant regardless of shear rate | τ = μ(du/dy)

Example Water, Air

NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID

Viscosity changes with shear rate

Example Blood, Paint, Toothpaste

COMPRESSIBLE FLUID

Density changes with pressure | ρ ≠ constant

Example Gases

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID

Density constant with pressure | ρ = constant

Example Liquids

Fluid Tree Topology

FLUIDS

IDEAL

REAL

NEWTONIAN

NON-NEWTONIAN

COMPRESSIBLE

Gases

INCOMPRESSIBLE

Liquids

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

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04

Newton's Law of Viscosity

Presented by: Geeta (Roll No. 39)

Definition

The shear stress between adjacent fluid layers is proportional to the velocity gradient (rate of shear strain) between them.

τ = μ (du/dy)

τ

= Shear Stress (Pa)

μ

= Dynamic Viscosity (Pa·s)

du/dy

= Velocity Gradient (s⁻¹)

ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE

■

Basis for viscosity measurement

■

Applied in pipe flow design

■

Used in lubrication engineering

■

Foundation for Navier-Stokes equations

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

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05

Pascal's Law

Presented by: Harshit (Roll No. 40)

"Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally and undiminished in all directions throughout the fluid."

P = F / A

P = Pressure (Pa) • F = Applied Force (N) • A = Cross-sectional Area (m²)

Mechanical Advantage Formula

F₁ / A₁ = F₂ / A₂

Applications

Hydraulic Brake

Hydraulic Lift

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

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06

Bernoulli's Equation

Presented by: Harshit (Roll No. 40)

P / ρg + v² / 2g + z = Constant

P/ρg = Pressure Head

|

v²/2g = Velocity Head

|

z = Potential Head

PRESSURE ENERGY

P/ρg — Energy due to fluid pressure. Decreases as velocity increases.

KINETIC ENERGY

v²/2g — Energy due to fluid motion. Increases as cross-section narrows.

POTENTIAL ENERGY

z — Energy due to elevation above datum. Depends on height.

PRINCIPLE: For steady, incompressible, non-viscous flow — Total energy per unit weight is constant.

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

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07

07

Hydraulic Turbines

Presented by: Ishaan (Roll No. 42)

Definition

A hydraulic turbine converts hydraulic energy (water pressure/velocity) into mechanical rotational energy.

Energy Conversion

Velocity Hydraulic
Energy

➞

Rotational Mechanical
Energy

➞

Generation Electrical
Energy

PELTON TURBINE

Runner

Spear Valve

Bucket/Blade

Water Jet

Tailrace

Impulse Turbine | High head (>300m) | Low flow rate

FRANCIS TURBINE

Spiral Casing

Draft Tube

Shaft

Guide Vanes

Runner

Mixed-flow Turbine | Medium head (40–600m)

KAPLAN TURBINE

Guide Vanes

Runner Blades
(adjustable)

Shaft

Hub

Draft Tube

Axial-flow Turbine | Low head (<40m) | High flow rate

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

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08 Centrifugal Pump

Presented by: Ishant (Roll No. 43)

CONSTRUCTION

Consists of impeller enclosed in volute casing, inlet eye, discharge nozzle, shaft, and bearings. Casing is spiral-shaped (volute) to convert velocity to pressure.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Centrifugal force imparted to fluid by rotating impeller. Fluid enters axially at eye, exits radially at high velocity. Velocity energy converted to pressure in volute casing.

MAIN COMPONENTS

Impeller (rotating)
Volute Casing
Suction Pipe & Strainer
Delivery Pipe & Valve
Shaft & Bearings
Stuffing Box / Seal

• Eye/Inlet

• Discharge

• Volute Casing

• Impeller

• Blade/Vane

• Stuffing Box

• Shaft

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

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09

Reciprocating Pump

Presented by: Ishant (Roll No. 43)

CONSTRUCTION

Piston/plunger inside a cylinder with suction valve, delivery valve, and connecting pipes. It is driven mechanically by a crank-connecting rod mechanism.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

A positive displacement pump. The piston reciprocates (moves back-and-forth) to create alternating suction and delivery. Valves automatically control the one-way fluid flow direction.

SUCTION STROKE

Piston retracts → Volume increases → Pressure drops → Suction valve opens → Fluid drawn in

DELIVERY STROKE

Piston advances → Volume decreases → Pressure rises → Delivery valve opens → Fluid forced out

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

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10

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Presented by: Jatin (Roll No. 44)

Statement

"If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other."

Thermal Equilibrium

Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium when no heat flows between them — i.e., they are at the SAME TEMPERATURE.

Importance

Provides the scientific basis for temperature measurement
Allows thermometers to work — thermometer (System C) reaches equilibrium with body A and body B independently
Foundation for defining temperature as a thermodynamic property

Thermal Equilibrium (T_A = T_C)

Thermal Equilibrium (T_B = T_C)

∴ T_A = T_B (Thermal Equilibrium)

System C

(Thermometer)

A

A

System A

B

B

System B

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

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11

First Law of Thermodynamics

Presented by: Jatin (Roll No. 44)

Q = ΔU + W

Q = Heat added to system | ΔU = Change in Internal Energy | W = Work done by system

PRINCIPLE

Energy cannot be created or destroyed — only converted from one form to another. The total energy of an isolated system remains constant.

SIGN CONVENTION

+ Q

Heat added to system

- Q

Heat rejected by system

+ W

Work done by system

- W

Work done on system

FORMS OF ENERGY

Internal Energy (U)

Heat Transfer (Q)

Work Done (W)

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

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Flow and Non-Flow Processes

Presented by: Jatin (Roll No. 44)

FLOW PROCESS

Fluid continuously flows across the system boundary.
Mass enters and leaves the system.

Mass crosses system boundary
Open system
Steady or unsteady flow

Examples

Turbines, Compressors,
Nozzles, Pumps

CONTROL VOLUME

Inlet

m_in →

Outlet

m_out →

← W (Work)

Q (Heat) →

NON-FLOW PROCESS

No mass crosses the system boundary.
Fixed mass of fluid undergoes thermodynamic changes.

Fixed mass (closed system)
No mass transfer
Piston-cylinder systems

Examples

Steam engine cylinder,
IC engine compression

CLOSED SYSTEM BOUNDARY

Fixed mass of gas

Piston

Cylinder

↑ Work (W)

↑ Heat (Q)

Flow Process = Open System = Mass Transfer

VS

Non-Flow Process = Closed System = No Mass Transfer

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

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Flow Work and Non-Flow Work

Presented by: Jatin (Roll No. 44)

FLOW WORK (Flow Energy)

Work done by fluid to push a mass element across the system boundary into or out of a control volume.

W_flow = PV = Pv (per unit mass)

where P = pressure, v = specific volume

Occurs in open systems
Associated with mass transport
Part of enthalpy: h = u + Pv
Present in turbines, compressors, nozzles

NON-FLOW WORK (Boundary Work)

Work done by or on a system due to the movement of the system boundary (e.g., piston displacement).

W = ∫ P dV

displacement work in a closed system

Occurs in closed systems
Piston-cylinder processes
Area under P-V diagram = work done
Present in IC engines, steam engines

FLOW WORK Open System W = Pv With mass flow

NON-FLOW WORK Closed System W = ∫PdV Fixed mass

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

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Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)

Presented by: Kamal (Roll No. 45)

      Q - W = (h₂ - h₁) + ½(V₂² - V₁²) + g(z₂ - z₁)
    

Q = Heat transfer | W = Work transfer | h = Specific enthalpy | V = Velocity | z = Elevation | g = Gravity

Definition

SFEE applies to open systems with steady flow — mass flow rate is constant. It represents the comprehensive energy balance for a control volume through which fluid flows steadily.

Terms Explained

1

Q → Heat added per unit mass

2

W → Shaft work per unit mass

3

h₂ - h₁ → Enthalpy change
(Flow work + internal energy)

4

½(V₂² - V₁²) → Kinetic energy change

5

g(z₂ - z₁) → Potential energy change

SFEE is the open-system equivalent of the First Law. It extends the energy conservation principle to continuous flow processes.

Applications

Turbine

Compressor

Nozzle

Boiler

CONTROL VOLUME
(Steady Flow System)

Energy In = Energy Out (Steady State)

Heat, Q IN

Work, W OUT

INLET 1

h₁, V₁, z₁, ṁ₁

OUTLET 2

h₂, V₂, z₂, ṁ₂

DATUM REFERENCE (z = 0)

z₁

z₂

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

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15 Summary

Fluid Mechanics & Thermodynamics Fundamentals | MET001

FLUID PROPERTIES

Density · Specific Gravity · Viscosity · Surface Tension

Foundation

TYPES OF FLUIDS

Ideal · Real · Newtonian · Non-Newtonian · Compressible · Incompressible

Classification

FLUID LAWS

Pascal's Law · Newton's Law · Bernoulli's Equation

Laws

HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Hydraulic Turbines · Centrifugal Pump · Reciprocating Pump

Applications

THERMODYNAMICS

Zeroth Law · First Law · Flow & Non-Flow Processes

Energy Principles

SFEE

Steady Flow Energy Equation — Unifying Principle

Unified Equation

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals | First Year Mechanical Engineering

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Thank You

Questions & Discussion

We welcome your questions and feedback

Course: Basic Mechanical Engineering (MET001)
Topic: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals
Year: First Year Mechanical Engineering | 2025–26

Roll No. 38 — Diya
Roll No. 39 — Geeta
Roll No. 40 — Harshit
Roll No. 42 — Ishaan

Roll No. 43 — Ishant
Roll No. 44 — Jatin
Roll No. 45 — Kamal

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals | Basic Mechanical Engineering

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Fluid Mechanics & Thermodynamics Engineering Fundamentals

Explore core mechanical engineering concepts including fluid properties, Pascal's law, Bernoulli's equation, and the laws of thermodynamics with examples.

MET001 — Basic Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics and<br>Thermodynamics Fundamentals

Basic Mechanical Engineering | MET001

Presented By:

<span style="opacity: 0.7;">Roll No. 38</span>   —   Diya<br><span style="opacity: 0.7;">Roll No. 39</span>   —   Geeta<br><span style="opacity: 0.7;">Roll No. 40</span>   —   Harshit<br><span style="opacity: 0.7;">Roll No. 42</span>   —   Ishaan

<span style="opacity: 0.7;">Roll No. 43</span>   —   Ishant<br><span style="opacity: 0.7;">Roll No. 44</span>   —   Jatin<br><span style="opacity: 0.7;">Roll No. 45</span>   —   Kamal

First Year Mechanical Engineering | 2025–26

02

Fluid Properties

Presented by: Diya (Roll No. 38)

Mass per unit volume <span style="margin: 0 10px; color:#F39C12; opacity:0.5;">|</span> <span style="color:#F39C12; font-weight:600">ρ = m/V</span> <span style="margin: 0 10px; color:#F39C12; opacity:0.5;">|</span> Units: kg/m³

Ratio of fluid density to water density <span style="margin: 0 10px; color:#F39C12; opacity:0.5;">|</span> <span style="color:#F39C12; font-weight:600">SG = ρ_fluid / ρ_water</span> <span style="margin: 0 10px; color:#F39C12; opacity:0.5;">|</span> Dimensionless

Resistance to flow/deformation <span style="margin: 0 10px; color:#F39C12; opacity:0.5;">|</span> <span style="color:#F39C12; font-weight:600">Dynamic & Kinematic</span> <span style="margin: 0 10px; color:#F39C12; opacity:0.5;">|</span> Units: Pa·s, m²/s

Cohesive force at liquid surface <span style="margin: 0 10px; color:#F39C12; opacity:0.5;">|</span> <span style="color:#F39C12; font-weight:600">Causes capillary action</span> <span style="margin: 0 10px; color:#F39C12; opacity:0.5;">|</span> Units: N/m

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals | First Year Mechanical Engineering

03

Types of Fluids

Presented by: Geeta (Roll No. 39)

IDEAL FLUID

No viscosity, incompressible, no shear stress

Theoretical model

REAL FLUID

Has viscosity and compressibility, follows Newton's law

Water, Oil

NEWTONIAN FLUID

Viscosity constant regardless of shear rate  |  τ = μ(du/dy)

Water, Air

NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID

Viscosity changes with shear rate

Blood, Paint, Toothpaste

COMPRESSIBLE FLUID

Density changes with pressure  |  ρ ≠ constant

Gases

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID

Density constant with pressure  |  ρ = constant

Liquids

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

04

Newton's Law of Viscosity

Presented by: Geeta (Roll No. 39)

Definition

The shear stress between adjacent fluid layers is proportional to the velocity gradient (rate of shear strain) between them.

τ = μ (du/dy)

τ

= Shear Stress (Pa)

μ

= Dynamic Viscosity (Pa·s)

du/dy

= Velocity Gradient (s⁻¹)

ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE

Basis for viscosity measurement

Applied in pipe flow design

Used in lubrication engineering

Foundation for Navier-Stokes equations

Fixed plate (velocity = 0)

Moving plate (velocity = U)

y = distance from fixed plate

u = fluid velocity at y

U

τ = shear stress

du/dy = velocity gradient

h

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

05

Pascal's Law

Presented by: Harshit (Roll No. 40)

Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally and undiminished in all directions throughout the fluid.

P = F / A

P = Pressure (Pa)  •  F = Applied Force (N)  •  A = Cross-sectional Area (m²)

F₁ / A₁ = F₂ / A₂

Applications

<div style="flex:1; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.2); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1); padding: 25px; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center; box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center justify-content: center;"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="56" height="56" fill="#F39C12"> <path d="M12 2C6.48 2 2 6.48 2 12s4.48 10 10 10 10-4.48 10-10S17.52 2 12 2zm0 18c-4.41 0-8-3.59-8-8s3.59-8 8-8 8 3.59 8 8-3.59 8-8 8zm-1-13h2v4h-2zm0 6h2v2h-2z"/> </svg> <div style="margin-top: 15px; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 700; color: white;">Hydraulic Brake</div> </div>

<div style="flex:1; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.2); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1); padding: 25px; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center; box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center justify-content: center;"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="56" height="56" fill="#F39C12"> <path d="M5 21h14v-2H5v2zm7-11.5c-2.33 0-5 1.17-5 3.5V17h10v-4c0-2.33-2.67-3.5-5-3.5zm-5-3h10v2H7v-2z"/> </svg> <div style="margin-top: 15px; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 700; color: white;">Hydraulic Lift</div> </div>

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y1="280" x2="900" y2="120" stroke="#F39C12" stroke-width="10" marker-end="url(#arrowFDir)"/> <text x="760" y="150" fill="#F39C12" font-size="36" font-weight="bold" text-anchor="end">F₂</text> <text x="760" y="180" fill="white" font-size="22" text-anchor="end">Large Output Force</text>  <text x="110" y="343" fill="white" font-size="30" font-weight="bold">A₁</text> <line x1="160" y1="335" x2="245" y2="335" stroke="white" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="6,4" marker-end="url(#arrowFDirWhite)"/> <text x="430" y="330" fill="white" font-size="30" font-weight="bold">A₂</text> <line x1="480" y1="322" x2="545" y2="322" stroke="white" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="6,4" marker-end="url(#arrowFDirWhite)"/>  <text x="300" y="415" fill="rgba(255,255,255,0.9)" font-size="26" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold">P₁ = P</text> <text x="750" y="415" fill="rgba(255,255,255,0.9)" font-size="26" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold">P₂ = P</text>  <text x="600" y="615" fill="white" font-size="22" text-anchor="middle" font-style="italic">Incompressible Hydraulic Fluid</text>  <text x="130" y="240" fill="rgba(255,255,255,0.7)" font-size="22" text-anchor="end">Input</text> <text x="130" y="265" fill="rgba(255,255,255,0.7)" font-size="22" text-anchor="end">Cylinder</text> <line x1="145" y1="250" x2="235" y2="250" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,0.5)" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="4,4" marker-end="url(#arrowFDirWhite)"/>  <text x="600" y="760" fill="#F39C12" font-size="32" font-family="'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="500">Pascal's Principle: <tspan fill="white">P₁ = P₂</tspan> ➞ <tspan fill="white">F₁ / A₁ = F₂ / A₂</tspan></text> </svg>

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

06

Bernoulli's Equation

Presented by: Harshit (Roll No. 40)

<span style="font-style: italic;">P</span> / <span style="font-style: italic;">ρg</span> + <span style="font-style: italic;">v</span><sup style="font-size: 0.6em;">2</sup> / 2<span style="font-style: italic;">g</span> + <span style="font-style: italic;">z</span> = Constant

P/ρg = Pressure Head

v²/2g = Velocity Head

z = Potential Head

PRESSURE ENERGY

<strong style="color: #FFFFFF;">P/ρg</strong> — Energy due to fluid pressure. Decreases as velocity increases.

KINETIC ENERGY

<strong style="color: #FFFFFF;">v²/2g</strong> — Energy due to fluid motion. Increases as cross-section narrows.

POTENTIAL ENERGY

<strong style="color: #FFFFFF;">z</strong> — Energy due to elevation above datum. Depends on height.

For steady, incompressible, non-viscous flow — Total energy per unit weight is constant.

P₁/ρg

P₂/ρg

P₃/ρg

Datum Line

z₁

z₂

z₃

Section 1: P₁, V₁

Throat: P₂, V₂ (max)

Section 2: P₃, V₃

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

07

Hydraulic Turbines

Presented by: Ishaan <span style="font-size: 18px; opacity: 0.8;">(Roll No. 42)</span>

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

PELTON TURBINE

<strong style="color:#FFFFFF;">Impulse Turbine</strong>  |  High head (>300m)  |  Low flow rate

FRANCIS TURBINE

<strong style="color:#FFFFFF;">Mixed-flow Turbine</strong>  |  Medium head (40–600m)

KAPLAN TURBINE

<strong style="color:#FFFFFF;">Axial-flow Turbine</strong>  |  Low head (<40m)  |  High flow rate

Centrifugal Pump

08

Presented by: Ishant (Roll No. 43)

CONSTRUCTION

Consists of impeller enclosed in volute casing, inlet eye, discharge nozzle, shaft, and bearings. Casing is spiral-shaped (volute) to convert velocity to pressure.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Centrifugal force imparted to fluid by rotating impeller. Fluid enters axially at eye, exits radially at high velocity. Velocity energy converted to pressure in volute casing.

MAIN COMPONENTS

Impeller (rotating)

Volute Casing

Suction Pipe & Strainer

Delivery Pipe & Valve

Shaft & Bearings

Stuffing Box / Seal

Impeller

Volute Casing

Eye/Inlet

Discharge

Shaft

Blade/Vane

Stuffing Box

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

09

Reciprocating Pump

Presented by: Ishant (Roll No. 43)

Piston/plunger inside a cylinder with <strong>suction valve</strong>, <strong>delivery valve</strong>, and connecting pipes. It is driven mechanically by a crank-connecting rod mechanism.

A positive displacement pump. The piston reciprocates (moves back-and-forth) to create alternating suction and delivery. Valves automatically control the one-way fluid flow direction.

Piston retracts <span style="color:#5DADE2; font-weight:bold;">→</span> Volume increases <span style="color:#5DADE2; font-weight:bold;">→</span> Pressure drops <span style="color:#5DADE2; font-weight:bold;">→</span> Suction valve opens <span style="color:#5DADE2; font-weight:bold;">→</span> Fluid drawn in

Piston advances <span style="color:#F39C12; font-weight:bold;">→</span> Volume decreases <span style="color:#F39C12; font-weight:bold;">→</span> Pressure rises <span style="color:#F39C12; font-weight:bold;">→</span> Delivery valve opens <span style="color:#F39C12; font-weight:bold;">→</span> Fluid forced out

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

10

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Presented by: Jatin (Roll No. 44)

"If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other."

Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium when <strong style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: 600;">no heat flows between them</strong> — i.e., they are at the <strong style="color: #F39C12; font-weight: 600;">SAME TEMPERATURE</strong>.

<ul style="margin: 0; padding-left: 25px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 14px;"><li><strong style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: 500;">Provides the scientific basis</strong> for temperature measurement</li><li><strong style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: 500;">Allows thermometers to work</strong> — thermometer (System C) reaches equilibrium with body A and body B independently</li><li><strong style="color: #FFFFFF; font-weight: 500;">Foundation</strong> for defining temperature as a thermodynamic property</li></ul>

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

11

First Law of Thermodynamics

Presented by: Jatin (Roll No. 44)

Q = ΔU + W

Q = Heat added to system    |    ΔU = Change in Internal Energy    |    W = Work done by system

PRINCIPLE

Energy cannot be created or destroyed — only converted from one form to another. The total energy of an isolated system remains constant.

SIGN CONVENTION

<div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 16px; font-size: 18px;"> <div style="display: flex; gap: 15px; align-items: center;"> <div style="width: 130px; background-color: #0D1B2A; padding: 10px; border-radius: 6px; border-left: 4px solid #F39C12; font-weight: bold; color: #F39C12; text-align: center; box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);">+ Q</div> <div style="font-weight: 300;">Heat added to system</div> </div> <div style="display: flex; gap: 15px; align-items: center;"> <div style="width: 130px; background-color: #0D1B2A; padding: 10px; border-radius: 6px; border-left: 4px solid #E74C3C; font-weight: bold; color: #E74C3C; text-align: center; box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);">- Q</div> <div style="font-weight: 300;">Heat rejected by system</div> </div> <div style="display: flex; gap: 15px; align-items: center;"> <div style="width: 130px; background-color: #0D1B2A; padding: 10px; border-radius: 6px; border-left: 4px solid #2ECC71; font-weight: bold; color: #2ECC71; text-align: center; box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);">+ W</div> <div style="font-weight: 300;">Work done by system</div> </div> <div style="display: flex; gap: 15px; align-items: center;"> <div style="width: 130px; background-color: #0D1B2A; padding: 10px; border-radius: 6px; border-left: 4px solid #95A5A6; font-weight: bold; color: #95A5A6; text-align: center; box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);">- W</div> <div style="font-weight: 300;">Work done on system</div> </div> </div>

FORMS OF ENERGY

<div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 300;"> <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 15px;"> <div style="width: 8px; height: 8px; background-color: #F39C12; border-radius: 50%; box-shadow: 0 0 5px #F39C12;"></div> <div>Internal Energy (<b style="color: #F39C12; font-weight: 600;">U</b>)</div> </div> <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 15px;"> <div style="width: 8px; height: 8px; background-color: #F39C12; border-radius: 50%; box-shadow: 0 0 5px #F39C12;"></div> <div>Heat Transfer (<b style="color: #F39C12; font-weight: 600;">Q</b>)</div> </div> <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 15px;"> <div style="width: 8px; height: 8px; background-color: #F39C12; border-radius: 50%; box-shadow: 0 0 5px #F39C12;"></div> <div>Work Done (<b style="color: #F39C12; font-weight: 600;">W</b>)</div> </div> </div>

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

Flow and Non-Flow Processes

Presented by: Jatin (Roll No. 44)

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

13

Flow Work and Non-Flow Work

Presented by: Jatin (Roll No. 44)

FLOW WORK (Flow Energy)

Work done by fluid to push a mass element across the system boundary into or out of a control volume.

W<sub>flow</sub> = PV = Pv <span style="font-size: 22px; font-weight: 300; color: #ECF0F1; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">(per unit mass)</span>

where P = pressure, v = specific volume

<li style="margin-bottom: 12px;">Occurs in open systems</li><li style="margin-bottom: 12px;">Associated with mass transport</li><li style="margin-bottom: 12px;">Part of enthalpy: <span style="font-family: monospace; color: #F39C12; font-weight: 500;">h = u + Pv</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0;">Present in turbines, compressors, nozzles</li>

NON-FLOW WORK (Boundary Work)

Work done by or on a system due to the movement of the system boundary (e.g., piston displacement).

W = ∫ P dV

displacement work in a closed system

<li style="margin-bottom: 12px;">Occurs in closed systems</li><li style="margin-bottom: 12px;">Piston-cylinder processes</li><li style="margin-bottom: 12px;">Area under P-V diagram = work done</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0;">Present in IC engines, steam engines</li>

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

14

Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)

Presented by: Kamal (Roll No. 45)

Q - W = (h₂ - h₁) + ½(V₂² - V₁²) + g(z₂ - z₁)

<span style="color:#F39C12; font-weight:bold;">Q</span> = Heat transfer  |  <span style="color:#3498DB; font-weight:bold;">W</span> = Work transfer  |  <span style="font-weight:bold;">h</span> = Specific enthalpy  |  <span style="font-weight:bold;">V</span> = Velocity  |  <span style="font-weight:bold;">z</span> = Elevation  |  <span style="font-weight:bold;">g</span> = Gravity

SFEE applies to open systems with steady flow — mass flow rate is constant. It represents the comprehensive energy balance for a control volume through which fluid flows steadily.

<div style="display: flex; gap: 15px; align-items: flex-start;"> <div style="width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: #1B4F72; border-radius: 50%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 2px;">1</div> <div><span style="color: #F39C12; font-weight: bold; font-family: monospace; font-size: 26px;">Q</span>  →  Heat added per unit mass</div> </div> <div style="display: flex; gap: 15px; align-items: flex-start;"> <div style="width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: #1B4F72; border-radius: 50%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 2px;">2</div> <div><span style="color: #F39C12; font-weight: bold; font-family: monospace; font-size: 26px;">W</span>  →  Shaft work per unit mass</div> </div> <div style="display: flex; gap: 15px; align-items: flex-start;"> <div style="width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: #1B4F72; border-radius: 50%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 2px;">3</div> <div><span style="color: #F39C12; font-weight: bold; font-family: monospace; font-size: 26px;">h₂ - h₁</span>  →  Enthalpy change <br><span style="font-size: 18px; color: #95A5A6;">(Flow work + internal energy)</span></div> </div> <div style="display: flex; gap: 15px; align-items: flex-start;"> <div style="width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: #1B4F72; border-radius: 50%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 2px;">4</div> <div><span style="color: #F39C12; font-weight: bold; font-family: monospace; font-size: 26px;">½(V₂² - V₁²)</span>  →  Kinetic energy change</div> </div> <div style="display: flex; gap: 15px; align-items: flex-start;"> <div style="width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: #1B4F72; border-radius: 50%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 2px;">5</div> <div><span style="color: #F39C12; font-weight: bold; font-family: monospace; font-size: 26px;">g(z₂ - z₁)</span>  →  Potential energy change</div> </div>

SFEE is the open-system equivalent of the First Law. It extends the energy conservation principle to continuous flow processes.

<div style="display: flex; gap: 18px; width: 100%;"> <div style="flex: 1; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 10px; border: 1px solid rgba(243, 156, 18, 0.4); border-radius: 8px; padding: 15px 10px; background-color: rgba(13, 27, 42, 0.6); box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="#F39C12" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="10"></circle><path d="M12 2A10 10 0 0 1 22 12"></path><line x1="12" y1="2" x2="12" y2="12"></line><line x1="22" y1="12" x2="12" y2="12"></line><line x1="5" y1="19" x2="12" y2="12"></line></svg> <div style="color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;">Turbine</div> </div> <div style="flex: 1; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 10px; border: 1px solid rgba(243, 156, 18, 0.4); border-radius: 8px; padding: 15px 10px; background-color: rgba(13, 27, 42, 0.6); box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="#F39C12" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polygon points="4 2 20 6 20 18 4 22 4 2"></polygon><line x1="8" y1="6" x2="8" y2="18"></line><line x1="16" y1="8" x2="16" y2="16"></line></svg> <div style="color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;">Compressor</div> </div> <div style="flex: 1; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 10px; border: 1px solid rgba(243, 156, 18, 0.4); border-radius: 8px; padding: 15px 10px; background-color: rgba(13, 27, 42, 0.6); box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="#F39C12" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M22 12h-6l-8-8H2v16h6l8-8"></path><line x1="18" y1="12" x2="22" y2="12"></line></svg> <div style="color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;">Nozzle</div> </div> <div style="flex: 1; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 10px; border: 1px solid rgba(243, 156, 18, 0.4); border-radius: 8px; padding: 15px 10px; background-color: rgba(13, 27, 42, 0.6); box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="#F39C12" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><rect x="4" y="4" width="16" height="16" rx="2" ry="2"></rect><path d="M4 14h16"></path><path d="M12 22v-8"></path><path d="M8 4v-2"></path><path d="M16 4v-2"></path></svg> <div style="color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 1px;">Boiler</div> </div> </div>

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals

15

Summary

Fluid Mechanics & Thermodynamics Fundamentals | MET001

FLUID PROPERTIES

Density · Specific Gravity · Viscosity · Surface Tension

Foundation

TYPES OF FLUIDS

Ideal · Real · Newtonian · Non-Newtonian · Compressible · Incompressible

Classification

FLUID LAWS

Pascal's Law · Newton's Law · Bernoulli's Equation

Laws

HYDRAULIC MACHINES

Hydraulic Turbines · Centrifugal Pump · Reciprocating Pump

Applications

THERMODYNAMICS

Zeroth Law · First Law · Flow & Non-Flow Processes

Energy Principles

SFEE

Steady Flow Energy Equation — Unifying Principle

Unified Equation

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals | First Year Mechanical Engineering

Thank You

Questions & Discussion

We welcome your questions and feedback

<span style="color: #F39C12; font-weight: 600;">Course:</span> Basic Mechanical Engineering (MET001)<br><span style="color: #F39C12; font-weight: 600;">Topic:</span> Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals<br><span style="color: #F39C12; font-weight: 600;">Year:</span> First Year Mechanical Engineering | 2025–26

<span style="opacity: 0.6;">Roll No. 38</span>  —  Diya<br><span style="opacity: 0.6;">Roll No. 39</span>  —  Geeta<br><span style="opacity: 0.6;">Roll No. 40</span>  —  Harshit<br><span style="opacity: 0.6;">Roll No. 42</span>  —  Ishaan

<span style="opacity: 0.6;">Roll No. 43</span>  —  Ishant<br><span style="opacity: 0.6;">Roll No. 44</span>  —  Jatin<br><span style="opacity: 0.6;">Roll No. 45</span>  —  Kamal

MET001 | Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Fundamentals | Basic Mechanical Engineering

mechanical-engineering
fluid-mechanics
thermodynamics
bernoulli-equation
pascals-law
hydraulic-turbines
sfee
physics