# Biology Semester 1 Final Exam Review - Heart, DNA & Genetics
> Comprehensive biology study guide covering heart anatomy, EKG, diabetes, protein synthesis, homeostasis, cell division (mitosis/meiosis), and DNA technology.

Tags: biology-review, heart-anatomy, genetics, protein-synthesis, mitosis-vs-meiosis, study-guide, diabetes-mechanisms, dna-technology
## PBS Semester 1 Final Exam Review
This presentation covers core topics in biology including Heart Anatomy, Blood, Genetics, Homeostasis, and Protein Synthesis.

## Heart Anatomy & Circulation
* **Right Atrium:** Receives deoxygenated blood.
* **Right Ventricle:** Pumps blood to lungs.
* **Left Atrium:** Receives oxygenated blood.
* **Left Ventricle:** Strongest chamber; pumps to body.
* **Valves:** Tricuspid (Right), Mitral/Bicuspid (Left).
* **Vessels:** Aorta (largest artery), Pulmonary Artery/Vein.

## Diffusion & Osmosis
* **Diffusion:** Movement from High to Low concentration.
* **Osmosis:** Movement of water across a membrane.
* **Clinical Context:** Hyperglycemia causes water to exit cells, leading to dehydration.

## Blood Pressure & EKG
* **Normal BP:** < 120/80 (Systolic/Diastolic).
* **EKG Waves:** P (Atria contract), QRS (Ventricles contract), T (Ventricles relax).

## Cholesterol & Diabetes
* **Lipids:** HDL (good) vs. LDL (bad).
* **Type 1 Diabetes:** No insulin production (Autoimmune).
* **Type 2 Diabetes:** Insulin resistance.
* **Process:** GLUT4 transporters fail to open cells for glucose.

## Protein Synthesis
* **Transcription:** Occurs in the Nucleus (DNA to mRNA).
* **Translation:** Occurs in the Ribosome (mRNA to Protein).
* **Genetic Code:** Start codon is AUG (Methionine).

## Feedback Loops
* **Negative Feedback:** Reverses a change (e.g., body temp).
* **Positive Feedback:** Amplifies a change (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting).

## Cell Division & Genetics
* **Mitosis:** 2 Identical somatic cells for growth/repair.
* **Meiosis:** 4 Unique gametes (sex cells) for reproduction.
* **Inheritance:** Covers pedigrees, codominance, and incomplete dominance.

## DNA Technology
* **Restriction Enzymes:** Cut DNA at specific sequences.
* **Gel Electrophoresis:** Separates DNA by size; small fragments travel farther toward the positive electrode.
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