# AP Human Geography Alphabet Review: Units 1-7 Essential Terms
> Master AP Human Geography with this A-Z review. Explore key concepts from Agriculture and Balkanization to Urbanization and Zoning for units 1 through 7.

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## AP Human Geography Alphabet Review (Units 1-7)

*   **A - Agriculture**: Deliberate cultivation of crops and raising livestock (Unit 5).
*   **B - Balkanization**: Fragmentation of a region into smaller, hostile units (Unit 4).
*   **C - Cultural Diffusion**: Spread of beliefs and practices between societies (Unit 3).
*   **D - Density**: Number of people/things per unit area; includes arithmetic and physiological measures (Unit 2).
*   **E - Ethnicity**: Shared cultural identity based on heritage or language (Unit 3).
*   **F - Food Desert**: Areas with limited access to nutritious, affordable food (Unit 5).
*   **G - Gentrification**: Wealthier residents moving into lower-income urban areas (Unit 6).
*   **H - Hierarchical Diffusion**: Spread of ideas from authority/large cities to others (Unit 3).
*   **I - Industrialization**: Economic transition from agriculture to manufacturing (Unit 7).
*   **J - Just-in-Time Delivery**: Supply chain strategy delivering goods only as needed (Unit 7).
*   **K - Kernel of a City**: The core, oldest part of an urban settlement (Unit 6).
*   **L - Language Families**: Groups of languages sharing a common ancestor (Unit 3).
*   **M - Migration**: Movement of people driven by push and pull factors (Unit 2).
*   **N - Nation-State**: A state whose boundaries coincide with a single cultural nation (Unit 4).
*   **O - Outsourcing**: Hiring third-party services abroad to reduce costs (Unit 7).
*   **P - Population Pyramid**: Graph showing age and sex distribution (Unit 2).
*   **Q - Quaternary Sector**: Knowledge-based economic activities like research and IT (Unit 7).
*   **R - Redlining**: Historical discriminatory lending practices based on race (Unit 6).
*   **S - Sustainability**: Using resources without compromising future generations (Unit 5).
*   **T - Transnational Corporation**: A company operating in multiple countries (Unit 7).
*   **U - Urbanization**: The growth of city populations relative to rural areas (Unit 6).
*   **V - Von Thünen Model**: Concentric ring model of agricultural land use (Unit 5).
*   **W - Women in Development**: Programs focused on integrating women into the economy (Unit 2).
*   **X - Xenophobia**: Fear or hatred of foreign cultures affecting migration (Unit 3).
*   **Y - Yield**: Amount of agricultural product harvested per land unit (Unit 5).
*   **Z - Zoning**: Local government land-use designations for planning (Unit 6).
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